CNC Machine Tools Dictionary
Basic Dictionary of Key Terms and Concepts related to the CNC Machine Tools Sector:
1. CNC (Computer Numerical Control): A method used in modern machining where pre-programmed software dictates the movement of tools and machinery. CNC machines operate via numerical control, where a computer program is used to control the exact movements and operations of a machine.
2. Axis: The direction of movement for CNC machines. Common axes include X, Y, Z (linear), and A, B, C (rotational).
3. G-Code: The language used to instruct CNC machines how to move and operate. G-codes control positioning, feed rates, and speeds.
4. M-Code: A set of machine codes that control auxiliary functions like coolant on/off, spindle start/stop, and tool changes.
5. Tool Path: The programmed route that a tool follows to machine a part. It includes all movements and operations needed to complete the part.
6. Workpiece: The raw material that is being machined or processed by the CNC machine.
7. Spindle: The rotating component of the CNC machine that holds the cutting tool or workpiece. The spindle speed and movement are controlled by the CNC program.
8. Feed Rate: The speed at which the cutting tool advances along the workpiece, typically measured in inches per minute (IPM) or millimeters per minute (MM/min).
9. Cutting Tool: The tool attached to the CNC machine’s spindle that cuts or shapes the material. Common tools include end mills, drills, and lathe tools.
10. Fixture: A device used to hold the workpiece in place during machining. Fixtures are essential for ensuring precision and repeatability.
11. CAD (Computer-Aided Design): Software used to create detailed 2D or 3D models of parts or assemblies before they are manufactured.
12. CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing): Software that converts CAD models into G-code or M-code, which can be read by CNC machines to perform the actual machining.
13. DNC (Direct Numerical Control): A system where a computer is directly connected to CNC machines, allowing for direct control and the ability to download programs directly into the machine.
14. Interpolation: The process of calculating intermediate points between two known points, enabling smooth transitions and curves during CNC machining.
15. Tolerance: The allowable deviation from the specified dimensions of a part. Tolerances are crucial for ensuring that parts meet design specifications.
16. Bore: A machining process that enlarges a hole that has already been drilled or cast, ensuring a precise diameter.
17. Turning: A machining process in which a workpiece is rotated while a single-point cutting tool is moved parallel to the axis of rotation, typically used on lathes.
18. Milling: A machining process that involves rotating cutting tools to remove material from a workpiece, typically used on milling machines.
19. Lathe: A machine used primarily for turning operations, where the workpiece is rotated, and a stationary cutting tool shapes it.
20. End Mill: A type of milling cutter, typically used for cutting, slotting, and contouring.
21. CNC Lathe: A lathe controlled by a computer, allowing for precise, automated turning operations.
**22. CNC Milling Machine: A machine that uses rotary cutters to remove material by advancing the cutter into a workpiece. It is controlled by a CNC system for precise operations.
**23. Coolant: A fluid used in machining processes to reduce heat and friction between the cutting tool and the workpiece, extending tool life and improving surface finish.
**24. Chamfer: A beveled edge at the junction of two surfaces, often machined to remove sharp edges or to allow parts to fit together more easily.
**25. Threading: A machining process that creates threads on a cylindrical or conical surface, typically done on lathes.
**26. CNC Router: A CNC machine that is used to cut, carve, and shape materials like wood, plastic, and metals, typically used in woodworking and sign making.
**27. Plunge Rate: The speed at which a cutting tool moves downward into the material.
**28. Pocketing: A milling operation where material is removed from inside an enclosed area on the workpiece, creating a recessed cavity.
**29. Engraving: A machining process used to etch or carve designs, text, or patterns into a material’s surface.
**30. Simulation: The process of using software to visualize and verify the tool path and machining operations before actual cutting, reducing the risk of errors.
**31. Post-Processor: Software that translates the generic CAM data into specific G-code or M-code instructions tailored to a particular CNC machine’s configuration.
**32. Cycle Time: The total time taken to complete all machining operations on a part, from start to finish.
**33. Rapid Traverse: The movement of the machine’s components (such as the tool or workpiece) at the maximum speed, used when the tool is not cutting, to reduce cycle time.
**34. Peck Drilling: A drilling process where the tool is periodically withdrawn from the hole to clear chips, reduce heat, and prevent tool breakage, especially in deep holes.
**35. Tool Offset: The adjustment made to the tool’s position to account for tool length, diameter, and wear, ensuring accurate machining.
**36. Fixture Offset: The adjustment in the CNC program to compensate for the position of the workpiece within the fixture.
**37. Tool Wear: The gradual degradation of a cutting tool due to use, which affects its performance and precision. Monitoring tool wear is crucial for maintaining machining accuracy.
**38. Tool Changer: A device on a CNC machine that automatically switches between different cutting tools during the machining process, enhancing efficiency.
**39. Part Program: The complete set of G-code and M-code instructions that define how a specific part should be machined.
**40. CNC Operator: A technician responsible for setting up, operating, and monitoring CNC machines during the production process.
**41. Work Coordinate System (WCS): A reference system used to define the origin point for the workpiece on the CNC machine, ensuring accurate positioning and machining.
**42. Machine Zero: The predefined point on a CNC machine that serves as the origin for all machine movements, typically the machine’s home position.
**43. Probing: The use of a touch probe to automatically detect and measure the position of the workpiece or features on the CNC machine, ensuring accurate machining.
**44. Backlash: The slight movement or play in a machine’s components when changing direction, which can affect precision. CNC systems often compensate for backlash.
**45. Deburring: The process of removing burrs (sharp edges or rough areas) from a workpiece after machining to improve finish and safety.
**46. Surface Finish: The texture or smoothness of a machined surface, often measured in terms of roughness. It is a critical quality factor in precision machining.
**47. High-Speed Machining (HSM): A machining technique that involves using high spindle speeds and feed rates to achieve faster cutting and improved surface finishes.
**48. Tool Life: The expected duration or number of cycles a cutting tool can be used before it needs to be replaced due to wear or damage.
**49. Chip Load: The amount of material removed by each cutting edge of the tool during one revolution, typically measured in thousandths of an inch per tooth.
**50. Runout: The deviation of the tool or spindle from its true rotational axis, which can lead to inaccuracies in machining.
**51. Heat Treating: A process used to alter the properties of metal workpieces (such as hardness or strength) by controlled heating and cooling, often performed before or after machining.
**52. Hard Turning: A turning process performed on hardened steel (typically above 45 HRC), often used as a cost-effective alternative to grinding.
**53. Adaptive Control: A CNC feature that adjusts machining parameters in real-time based on feedback from sensors, optimizing performance and protecting tools.
**54. Fixture Plate: A flat plate with a grid of holes or slots used to securely position workpieces and fixtures on the CNC machine bed.
**55. Pallet Changer: A device that allows for the rapid exchange of workpieces or fixtures on a CNC machine, minimizing downtime and improving productivity.
**56. Part Probing: The use of a probe to measure the dimensions or features of a part during or after machining, ensuring quality and accuracy.
**57. Work Envelope: The maximum range of movement a CNC machine can achieve in its X, Y, and Z axes, determining the size of parts it can produce.
**58. Climb Milling: A milling technique where the cutting tool rotates in the same direction as the feed of the workpiece, often resulting in a better surface finish.
**59. Conventional Milling: A milling technique where the cutting tool rotates against the direction of the feed of the workpiece, providing more stability but potentially rougher finishes.
**60. Thread Milling: A machining process used to cut threads into a hole by using a rotating tool that moves in a helical path.
**61. Facing: A turning operation used to produce a flat surface perpendicular to the workpiece’s rotational axis.
**62. Boring Bar: A tool used in boring operations to enlarge or finish the inside diameter of a hole.
**63. Tool Presetter: A device used to measure and set the precise length and diameter of cutting tools before they are loaded into a CNC machine.
**64. Tool Compensation: Adjustments made in the CNC program to account for changes in tool length, diameter, or wear, ensuring precision during machining.
**65. Interference Checking: The process of verifying that the tool path does not collide with any fixtures, workpieces, or machine components during machining.
**66. T-Slot Table: A worktable on a CNC machine that features T-shaped slots for securing fixtures, vices, or workpieces.
**67. Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM): A device used to measure the physical geometrical characteristics of an object, ensuring the part meets design specifications.
**68. Datum: A reference point, line, or surface on a workpiece used to define its position and orientation during machining.
**69. Fixture Design: The process of creating custom fixtures that securely hold a workpiece in place, optimizing machining operations and accuracy.
**70. Ball Screw: A mechanical component in CNC machines that converts rotational motion into precise linear motion, ensuring accurate positioning.
**71. Linear Guideways: Components that guide the movement of machine parts along a linear path, providing high precision and rigidity.
**72. Hydraulic Chuck: A device that uses hydraulic pressure to clamp and hold a workpiece or cutting tool securely during machining.
**73. Collet: A type of chuck that holds a workpiece or cutting tool with high precision, commonly used in CNC machines for small-diameter tools.
**74. Tramp Oil: Contaminants, such as leaked machine lubricants, that mix with coolant and reduce its effectiveness. Tramp oil must be removed to maintain coolant quality.
**75. Mist Collection: The process of capturing and filtering mist generated by coolant during machining to maintain a clean and safe work environment.
**76. Swarf: The chips or shavings produced during machining, which must be managed and removed to prevent interference with the machining process.
**77. End-of-Arm Tooling (EOAT): The specialized tools or devices attached to the end of a robotic arm, often used in CNC automation for handling, gripping, or processing tasks.
**78. Machining Center: A versatile CNC machine that combines multiple machining operations, such as milling, drilling, and tapping, in a single setup.
**79. Swiss-Type Lathe: A CNC lathe designed for precision machining of small, complex parts, often used in the watchmaking and medical device industries.
**80. Live Tooling: A feature in CNC lathes that allows for additional machining operations (such as milling or drilling) while the workpiece is still rotating.
**81. Vibration Damping: Techniques used to reduce or eliminate vibrations during machining, improving surface finish and tool life.
**82. CAD/CAM Integration: The seamless connection between CAD and CAM software, allowing for efficient design, simulation, and machining of parts.
**83. Job Shop: A type of manufacturing environment where small batches of custom parts are produced, often using CNC machines for flexibility and precision.
**84. Fixtureless Machining: Techniques that eliminate the need for physical fixtures by using advanced workholding methods, reducing setup time and costs.
**85. CNC Grinding: A machining process that uses an abrasive wheel to remove material from a workpiece, typically used for finishing or precision shaping.
**86. Surface Grinding: A grinding process that produces a flat, smooth surface on a workpiece, often used to achieve precise dimensions and finishes.
**87. ID/OD Grinding: Internal (ID) and external (OD) grinding processes used to finish the inside or outside diameters of a cylindrical workpiece.
88. EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining): A non-traditional machining process that uses electrical sparks to erode material from a workpiece, often used for hard materials or complex shapes.
**89. Waterjet Cutting: A CNC process that uses a high-pressure stream of water, sometimes mixed with an abrasive, to cut materials without generating heat.
**90. Laser Cutting: A CNC process that uses a focused laser beam to cut or engrave materials with high precision and speed.
**91. Plasma Cutting: A CNC process that uses an ionized gas (plasma) to cut through electrically conductive materials, commonly used for metal cutting.
**92. Vacuum Table: A workholding device that uses vacuum pressure to hold flat workpieces securely on the machine bed, commonly used in CNC routers.
**93. Nest Programming: A technique in CNC machining where multiple parts are arranged and cut from a single sheet of material, maximizing material usage and efficiency.
**94. CNC Retrofit: The process of upgrading an older manual machine with CNC controls and components, extending its life and improving performance.
**95. Dry Machining: A machining process where no coolant is used, often employed to reduce environmental impact and operating costs.
**96. Hybrid Machining: The combination of additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) and traditional subtractive CNC machining in a single machine, allowing for complex part production.
**97. Micro-Machining: CNC machining techniques used to produce extremely small and precise parts, often in the medical or electronics industries.
**98. Modular Fixturing: A flexible fixturing system that uses interchangeable components to quickly set up and reconfigure for different workpieces.
**99. Bar Feeder: A device that automatically feeds bar stock into a CNC lathe, enabling continuous and unattended machining of parts.
**100. Inline Inspection: The process of inspecting parts during the machining process, often using sensors or probes, to ensure quality without removing the part from the machine.
**101. Cutting Fluid: A liquid used during machining to cool and lubricate the cutting tool and workpiece, reducing friction, heat, and tool wear.
**102. Bushing: A cylindrical lining used to reduce friction and wear between rotating parts, commonly used in fixtures to guide cutting tools or workpieces.
**103. Tool Balancing: The process of ensuring that a rotating tool is balanced to prevent vibration, improve surface finish, and extend tool life.
**104. Quick Change Tooling: A system that allows for fast and easy tool changes on CNC machines, minimizing downtime and increasing productivity.
**105. Overhang: The distance that a tool extends from the tool holder or spindle, affecting stability and potential for vibration.
**106. Cutting Speed: The speed at which the cutting edge of a tool moves relative to the workpiece surface, typically measured in surface feet per minute (SFM) or meters per minute (m/min).
**107. Feed Per Tooth (Fz): The distance the tool advances per tooth per revolution, crucial for optimizing cutting performance and tool life.
**108. Step Over: The distance the tool moves sideways between passes during milling operations, influencing the surface finish and material removal rate.
**109. Roughing: A machining process focused on removing large amounts of material quickly, often with less precision and a coarser surface finish.
**110. Finishing: A machining process aimed at achieving precise dimensions and smooth surface finishes, typically following a roughing operation.
**111. Helical Milling: A milling technique where the tool moves in a helical path to create holes, pockets, or threads.
**112. Slotting: A milling process used to cut grooves or slots into a workpiece, often performed with an end mill.
**113. Thread Cutting: A machining process that uses a cutting tool to create threads on the internal or external surface of a workpiece.
**114. Turning Center: A CNC machine similar to a lathe but with additional capabilities, such as live tooling and multi-axis control, allowing for complex part machining.
**115. Double-Column Machining Center: A large CNC machine with a bridge structure, providing high rigidity and precision for machining large workpieces.
**116. Pallet Pool: A system of multiple pallets that allows for automated loading and unloading of workpieces, increasing machine uptime and efficiency.
**117. Direct Drive Motor: A motor that is directly connected to the machine’s spindle or axis without belts or gears, providing high precision and speed.
**118. Linear Motor: A type of motor that generates motion in a straight line, used in CNC machines for rapid and precise positioning.
**119. Rotary Table: A device that allows the workpiece to be rotated around an axis, enabling multi-axis machining and complex part geometries.
**120. Indexing Head: A fixture used to rotate the workpiece in precise increments, allowing for machining operations at various angles.
**121. CNC Engraver: A specialized CNC machine designed for engraving patterns, text, or designs onto a workpiece.
**122. Multi-Tasking Machine (MTM): A CNC machine capable of performing multiple machining processes (e.g., milling, turning, drilling) in one setup.
**123. Tool Magazine: A storage system on a CNC machine that holds multiple tools and automatically selects the correct tool for each machining operation.
**124. Probe Calibration: The process of setting up and calibrating the touch probe on a CNC machine to ensure accurate measurements and part positioning.
**125. Chip Conveyor: A system that automatically removes chips and swarf from the machine, keeping the work area clean and reducing downtime.
**126. 4th Axis: An additional rotary axis on a CNC machine that allows for more complex machining operations, such as machining cylindrical or spherical parts.
**127. 5th Axis: A further rotary axis that provides even greater flexibility and precision in CNC machining, enabling the creation of complex geometries with fewer setups.
**128. Ballbar Test: A diagnostic tool used to measure the accuracy and performance of a CNC machine by tracking the movement of a spherical ball attached to the machine.
**129. Laser Interferometer: A precision measurement tool used to calibrate CNC machines by measuring the distance and movement of the machine’s axes.
**130. Volumetric Compensation: A method used to correct errors in the entire work volume of a CNC machine, improving accuracy across all dimensions.
**131. Spindle Runout: The amount of wobble or deviation in the spindle’s rotation, which can affect machining precision and tool life.
**132. Auto Tool Setting (ATS): A system that automatically measures and sets the length and diameter of cutting tools in the CNC machine, reducing setup time.
**133. Rotary Encoder: A device that converts the angular position of a rotating component into a digital signal, used to monitor and control CNC machine movement.
**134. Incremental Programming: A method of CNC programming where each movement is based on the previous position, rather than an absolute reference point.
**135. Absolute Programming: A CNC programming method where all movements are referenced from a fixed origin or zero point.
**136. Program Restart: A feature that allows the CNC machine to resume a machining operation from a specific point in the program, useful after a stoppage.
**137. Helical Interpolation: A technique where the CNC machine simultaneously moves in a helical path along the X, Y, and Z axes, often used for creating holes or threads.
**138. Automatic Pallet Changer (APC): A device that automatically exchanges pallets on the CNC machine, allowing for continuous machining and reduced downtime.
**139. Automatic Tool Changer (ATC): A device that automatically swaps out cutting tools on a CNC machine, enabling multi-tool operations without manual intervention.
**140. Fixtureless Workholding: Techniques that hold the workpiece without traditional fixtures, often using vacuum, magnetic, or adhesive methods.
**141. Robotic Arm Integration: The use of robotic arms in conjunction with CNC machines to automate tasks like loading/unloading, inspection, or secondary operations.
**142. Offline Programming: The process of creating and testing CNC programs in a virtual environment before uploading them to the machine, reducing setup time.
**143. Virtual Machining: The simulation of CNC machining operations in software to visualize the process, detect errors, and optimize tool paths before actual machining.
**144. Part Orientation: The positioning of the workpiece on the CNC machine to optimize machining operations and ensure accuracy.
**145. Fixture Clamping Force: The amount of pressure applied by a fixture to hold the workpiece securely during machining, ensuring stability without deforming the part.
**146. Material Removal Rate (MRR): The volume of material removed per unit of time during machining, often used to assess machining efficiency.
**147. Cutting Tool Geometry: The design and shape of a cutting tool, including rake angle, relief angle, and cutting edge, which influence cutting performance and tool life.
**148. Tool Deflection: The bending or displacement of a cutting tool under load, which can lead to inaccuracies in the machined part.
**149. Hobbing: A machining process used to create gears, splines, and other toothed components by rotating a cutting tool against the workpiece.
**150. Broaching: A machining process that uses a toothed tool to remove material in a linear motion, often used for creating keyways or splines.
**151. Laser Calibration: The process of using a laser measurement system to check and adjust the accuracy of a CNC machine’s movement and positioning.
**152. CNC Drilling: The process of creating holes in a workpiece using a rotating drill bit controlled by CNC programming.
**153. CNC Tapping: A machining process that creates threads inside a hole using a tap, controlled by a CNC machine for precise and consistent threading.
**154. Peck Drilling Cycle: A CNC drilling process where the drill bit is periodically retracted to clear chips, reduce heat, and improve hole quality.
**155. Thread Milling Cutter: A tool used in CNC thread milling operations to cut threads into a workpiece with high precision.
**156. Spline Cutting: A machining process used to create splines, which are ridges or teeth on a drive shaft that mesh with grooves in a mating piece.
**157. Keyseat Cutter: A tool used to machine keyseats, which are slots cut into a shaft to accommodate a key that prevents relative rotation between components.
**158. Turret: A rotating tool holder used on CNC lathes and machining centers, allowing for quick tool changes and multiple machining operations in one setup.
**159. Indexable Insert: A cutting tool insert that can be rotated or flipped to use a fresh cutting edge, extending tool life and reducing costs.
**160. Face Milling: A machining process that removes material from the surface of a workpiece using a milling cutter with multiple cutting edges.
**161. Peripheral Milling: A milling process where the cutting edges of the tool are parallel to the surface being machined, commonly used for creating flat surfaces.
**162. Power Skiving: A machining process used to produce gears and splines, combining aspects of hobbing and shaping for high-speed production.
**163. Jig: A custom-made tool used to control the location and motion of another tool, often used to guide drills or cutters.
**164. Workpiece Runout: The deviation of a workpiece from its intended rotational axis, which can affect the precision of machining operations.
**165. High-Pressure Coolant (HPC): A cooling system that delivers coolant at high pressure to improve chip evacuation, tool life, and machining performance.
**166. Cryogenic Machining: A machining process where liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide is used as a coolant to reduce tool wear and improve surface finish.
**167. Ultra-Precision Machining: Machining processes that achieve extremely tight tolerances and high surface finishes, often used in optics, aerospace, and electronics.
**168. Superabrasives: Advanced cutting materials like cubic boron nitride (CBN) and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) used for machining very hard materials.
**169. Toolpath Optimization: The process of refining the toolpath in CNC programming to improve efficiency, reduce cycle time, and minimize tool wear.
**170. Gear Hobbing: A specialized gear-making process using a hob (cutting tool) to generate gear teeth on a workpiece.
**171. Parting-Off: A turning process that separates a finished part from the rest of the stock material, often using a parting tool.
**172. Stock Material: The raw material from which parts are machined, available in various forms like bar, plate, sheet, or tube.
**173. Spline Shaft: A shaft with a series of ridges or teeth that mesh with corresponding grooves in a mating component to transfer torque.
**174. Quill: A movable component in a CNC machine, typically found in drills and milling machines, that holds the spindle or tool and allows for vertical movement.
**175. Milling Cutter: A rotary cutting tool used in milling machines to remove material from a workpiece, available in various shapes and sizes.
**176. Carbide Insert: A cutting tool insert made from carbide, known for its hardness and wear resistance, commonly used in CNC machining.
**177. Cutting Edge Radius: The rounded edge of a cutting tool that affects the tool’s cutting performance, wear resistance, and surface finish quality.
**178. Deep Hole Drilling: A drilling process used to create deep holes (typically deeper than 10 times the diameter) with specialized tools and techniques.
**179. CNC Coordinate System: The system used by CNC machines to define the position of the tool and workpiece, typically based on Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z).
**180. Micro-EDM: A specialized electrical discharge machining (EDM) process used for extremely small and precise features, often in micro-manufacturing.
**181. Tool Presetters: Devices used to measure and set cutting tool parameters before they are loaded into the CNC machine, improving accuracy and reducing setup time.
**182. Laser Engraving: A process that uses a laser beam to etch or mark the surface of a material with text, logos, or designs.
**183. Tool Path Verification: The process of checking the toolpath in simulation software to ensure it will produce the desired results without collisions or errors.
**184. Wire EDM: A type of electrical discharge machining (EDM) that uses a thin wire as the electrode to cut complex shapes in hard materials.
**185. EDM Die Sinking: An EDM process where the electrode is shaped like the negative of the desired cavity and is sunk into the workpiece to form the shape.
**186. Chatter: Undesirable vibration during machining that can lead to poor surface finish, reduced tool life, and damage to the machine.
**187. Trochoidal Milling: A milling technique that involves a circular or trochoidal tool path, reducing tool load and increasing cutting efficiency.
**188. Thread Rolling: A process used to form threads by deforming the material rather than cutting it, resulting in stronger threads.
**189. V-Flange: A type of tool holder interface with a V-shaped flange that provides secure and accurate tool holding in CNC machines.
**190. BT Tool Holder: A type of tool holder with a symmetrical design, commonly used in CNC machining for high-speed applications.
**191. CAT Tool Holder: A tool holder standard commonly used in CNC machining, characterized by a tapered shank with a flange.
**192. HSK Tool Holder: A high-speed tool holder with a hollow shank design, providing improved rigidity and precision at high speeds.
**193. Tool Collet: A device used to hold small-diameter tools securely in a CNC machine, typically with a spring-like gripping mechanism.
**194. Tool Life Management: The process of monitoring and managing the life of cutting tools to optimize performance, reduce downtime, and lower costs.
**195. In-Process Gauging: The measurement of part dimensions during machining, allowing for real-time adjustments to ensure accuracy.
**196. Swaging: A forming process used to shape metal by hammering or pressing, often used to create tapers or to assemble components.
**197. Knurling: A machining process that creates a textured pattern on the surface of a workpiece, often used for grips or decorative purposes.
**198. CNC Press Brake: A CNC machine used for bending and shaping sheet metal by pressing it between a punch and a die.
**199. CNC Turret Punch: A CNC machine used for punching holes and shapes in sheet metal using a rotating turret with multiple punches.
**200. Plunge Milling: A milling technique where the tool plunges straight down into the material, typically used for roughing cavities or pockets.
**201. Pallet Changer: A device that allows for the automatic exchange of pallets on a CNC machine, enabling continuous operation and reducing downtime.
**202. Wiper Insert: A type of cutting insert designed to improve surface finish by using a specially shaped edge that “wipes” the surface as it cuts.
**203. Air Blast: A stream of compressed air used to remove chips and cool the tool and workpiece during machining, especially in dry machining.
**204. Thread Whirling: A machining process used to create high-quality threads, often used for medical screws and other precision components.
**205. Polygon Turning: A specialized turning process that produces polygonal shapes on a cylindrical workpiece without the need for secondary operations.
**206. High-Speed Spindle: A spindle designed to operate at very high speeds, typically used in applications requiring fine finishes and intricate details.
**207. Ultrasonic Machining: A non-traditional machining process that uses high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations combined with abrasive slurry to remove material.
**208. Burnishing: A finishing process that smooths the surface of a workpiece by applying pressure with a hard, smooth tool, improving surface finish and hardness.
**209. Cryogenic Cooling: A cooling technique that uses extremely cold substances, like liquid nitrogen, to cool the cutting tool during machining, reducing tool wear.
**210. Workpiece Fixture: A custom or modular device used to securely hold a workpiece in place during machining, ensuring accuracy and repeatability.
**211. Edge Finder: A tool used to locate the edge of a workpiece relative to the spindle axis, helping to establish the workpiece’s coordinate system.
**212. Honing: A finishing process that uses abrasive stones to remove small amounts of material and improve the geometry and surface finish of a hole or cylinder.
**213. Ball Nose End Mill: A type of end mill with a rounded cutting edge, used for machining complex three-dimensional surfaces and contours.
**214. Counterbore: A machining process that enlarges the top part of a hole to allow the head of a bolt or screw to sit flush with or below the surface of the workpiece.
**215. Countersink: A machining process that creates a conical hole at the opening of a pre-existing hole, allowing for the flat head of a screw to sit flush with the surface.
**216. Thread Forming: A machining process that creates threads by deforming the material rather than cutting it, resulting in stronger threads and better material flow.
**217. Dead Center: A stationary point or tip used to support the free end of a workpiece in turning operations, providing precise alignment without rotation.
**218. Live Center: A rotating point or tip used to support the free end of a workpiece in turning operations, providing alignment and reducing friction.
**219. Lathe Chuck: A clamping device used to hold and rotate a workpiece on a lathe, commonly available in three-jaw, four-jaw, and collet versions.
**220. Tool Post: A device on a lathe that holds and positions the cutting tool, allowing for quick tool changes and precise adjustments.
**221. Quick Change Tool Post: A type of tool post that allows for fast and easy tool changes on a lathe, increasing efficiency and reducing setup time.
**222. Tailstock: A movable component on a lathe that supports the end of a workpiece opposite the headstock, often used with a live or dead center.
**223. CNC Punching: A machining process that uses a CNC-controlled punch press to create holes or shapes in sheet metal.
**224. Hydraulic Press: A machine that uses hydraulic force to shape, form, or cut materials, often used in metalworking and CNC press operations.
**225. Servo Motor: A motor used in CNC machines that provides precise control of position, speed, and torque, often used for axis control.
**226. Backgauge: A movable component on a CNC press brake or punching machine that positions the workpiece for accurate bending or punching operations.
**227. Vacuum Workholding: A method of securing a workpiece to a CNC machine bed using vacuum pressure, often used for flat or thin materials.
**228. Swing Arm Robot: A type of industrial robot used in CNC automation for tasks like loading and unloading workpieces or operating peripheral devices.
**229. CNC Waterjet: A CNC machine that uses a high-pressure jet of water, sometimes mixed with abrasives, to cut materials with precision and minimal heat.
**230. CNC Laser Cutter: A CNC machine that uses a focused laser beam to cut, engrave, or mark materials with high precision and speed.
**231. Tool Wear Monitoring: The process of tracking and analyzing the wear on cutting tools to optimize tool life, maintain quality, and reduce downtime.
**232. Conicity: The degree of taper in a cylindrical workpiece, often measured and controlled in CNC turning operations.
**233. Swing Diameter: The maximum diameter that can be rotated over the bed of a lathe, indicating the largest workpiece the lathe can accommodate.
**234. Thrust Bearing: A type of bearing designed to handle axial loads, often used in CNC machines to support spindles and other rotating components.
**235. Bar Stock: Raw material in the form of long bars, commonly used in CNC lathes and Swiss-type machines for turning operations.
**236. Chip Breaker: A groove or feature on a cutting tool insert designed to break chips into smaller pieces, reducing heat and improving chip evacuation.
**237. Servo Tapping: A tapping process controlled by a servo motor, allowing for precise control of speed and depth, often used in CNC drilling and tapping centers.
**238. Spindle Orientation: The process of aligning the spindle in a specific angular position, often required for tool changes or certain machining operations.
**239. Work Envelope: The total range of movement a CNC machine can achieve in all axes, defining the maximum size of parts that can be machined.
**240. Heidenhain Control: A type of CNC control system known for high precision and used in applications requiring complex motion control.
**241. Part Catcher: A device on a CNC lathe or machining center that automatically catches and collects finished parts, enabling continuous operation.
**242. Tangential Cutting: A cutting approach where the cutting tool engages the workpiece at a tangent, reducing tool wear and improving surface finish.
**243. Part Off: A turning operation where a part is separated from the rest of the material, typically using a parting tool.
**244. Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV): A mobile robot used in manufacturing environments to transport materials between CNC machines and other workstations.
**245. Spindle Taper: The conical interface between the spindle and the tool holder, critical for accurate and secure tool holding in CNC machines.
**246. Servo Drive: An electronic device that controls the operation of a servo motor, providing precise motion control in CNC machines.
**247. Chip Auger: A conveyor system used in CNC machines to automatically remove chips from the machining area, improving efficiency and cleanliness.
**248. Soft Jaws: Customizable jaws used in a lathe chuck to securely hold irregularly shaped or delicate workpieces without causing damage.
**249. Radial Drilling Machine: A machine used to drill large holes in heavy workpieces, featuring a movable arm that allows the drill head to reach different locations on the workpiece.
**250. Blind Hole: A hole that does not go completely through the workpiece, requiring careful control of depth during drilling or milling operations.
**251. Work Coordinate Offset (WCO): The adjustment of the workpiece’s coordinate system to align it with the machine’s coordinate system, ensuring accurate machining.
**252. Material Hardness: A measure of a material’s resistance to deformation, often tested to determine the appropriate machining techniques and tools.
**253. Concentricity: The degree to which two or more circular features share the same center, critical in precision machining to ensure alignment and balance.
**254. Machining Allowance: The extra material added to a workpiece to account for subsequent machining operations, ensuring that the final part meets specifications.
**255. Turning Radius: The radius of the curve that a CNC turning tool follows, important for producing rounded features on cylindrical parts.
**256. Rotary Index Table: A table that can rotate to specific angles, allowing for the machining of parts at different orientations in a single setup.
**257. Recirculating Ball Screw: A type of screw mechanism that converts rotational motion into linear motion with high efficiency and precision, commonly used in CNC machines.
**258. Floating Reamer Holder: A tool holder that allows for slight axial movement, accommodating alignment errors and improving the quality of reamed holes.
**259. Machine Tool Probe: A sensor used in CNC machines to detect the position of the workpiece or features, enabling automatic adjustments and ensuring accuracy.
**260. Part Program Simulation: The process of running a CNC program in a virtual environment to verify tool paths, detect collisions, and optimize machining strategies before actual production.
**261. Dynamic Balancing: The process of balancing rotating components (such as spindles or tools) while they are in motion, improving precision and reducing vibration.
**262. Tool Path Compensation: Adjustments made to the tool path in the CNC program to account for tool wear, deflection, or inaccuracies, ensuring consistent part quality.
**263. Feature Recognition: The ability of CAM software to identify and automatically generate tool paths for specific geometric features, such as holes or pockets, on a workpiece.
**264. Quick-Change Pallet System: A system that allows for rapid exchange of workpieces on a CNC machine, reducing setup time and increasing productivity.
**265. CNC Plasma Cutter: A CNC machine that uses a plasma torch to cut through electrically conductive materials, often used in metal fabrication.
**266. Hardened Steel: Steel that has been heat-treated to increase its hardness, often requiring specialized cutting tools and techniques for machining.
**267. Surface Roughness: A measure of the texture of a machined surface, often specified in terms of average roughness (Ra) and critical for meeting part specifications.
**268. CNC Turret Mill: A type of milling machine with a rotating turret that allows for multiple cutting operations without changing the setup, increasing efficiency.
**269. Parametric Programming: A type of CNC programming that uses variables and equations to create flexible and reusable programs, allowing for easy adjustments and modifications.
**270. Die Cutting: A process used to cut or shape materials using a die, often used in CNC applications for creating parts from sheet materials.
**271. Electropolishing: A finishing process that uses an electrolytic solution to remove material and smooth the surface of a workpiece, improving surface finish and corrosion resistance.
**272. Spherical Turning: A turning process used to create spherical or rounded shapes on a workpiece, often requiring specialized tooling.
**273. Facing Tool: A cutting tool used in turning operations to create a flat surface perpendicular to the workpiece’s axis, often used for finishing the ends of shafts.
**274. High-Frequency Spindle: A spindle capable of operating at very high speeds, often used in applications requiring fine finishes or micro-machining.
**275. Modular Tooling System: A system that uses interchangeable tool holders and components, allowing for quick and easy tool changes and reconfiguration.
**276. Machine Tool Builder: A company or individual that designs and manufactures CNC machines and other machine tools, often providing custom solutions for specific industries.
**277. Tool Post Grinder: A grinder that attaches to the tool post of a lathe, allowing for precision grinding operations on the lathe without removing the workpiece.
**278. Fillet: A rounded corner or edge on a workpiece, often added to reduce stress concentrations and improve aesthetics.
**279. Relief Angle: The angle formed between the cutting edge of a tool and the surface of the workpiece, important for reducing friction and preventing tool wear.
**280. Side Milling: A milling operation where the cutting edges of the tool are parallel to the workpiece surface, typically used for cutting slots or shaping the sides of a workpiece.
**281. Machine Downtime: The period when a CNC machine is not operational, often due to maintenance, tool changes, or programming issues, impacting productivity.
**282. Safety Interlock: A device or system that prevents a CNC machine from operating under unsafe conditions, protecting operators and equipment.
**283. Heat Treatment: A process used to alter the physical and mechanical properties of a material, such as hardness and strength, often performed before or after machining.
**284. Residual Stress: Stresses that remain in a material after machining or heat treatment, which can affect the dimensional stability and performance of the part.
**285. Custom Macro: A user-defined subroutine in CNC programming that automates repetitive tasks, allowing for more efficient and consistent machining.
**286. Part Handling System: An automated system used to load and unload workpieces in a CNC machine, reducing manual labor and increasing throughput.
**287. Tapping Head: A tool holder used in CNC machines for tapping operations, allowing for precise control of speed, depth, and torque.
**288. Boring Head: A tool holder used for boring operations in CNC machines, allowing for precise adjustment of the cutting tool’s diameter.
**289. CNC Cylindrical Grinder: A CNC machine used for grinding cylindrical surfaces on a workpiece, often used in precision machining applications.
**290. Wheel Dresser: A tool used to restore the shape and sharpness of a grinding wheel, ensuring consistent grinding performance and surface finish.
**291. Fixture Location: The positioning of a workpiece within a fixture, critical for ensuring accuracy and repeatability in machining operations.
**292. Cooling Fan: A device used to dissipate heat from the CNC machine’s components, preventing overheating and maintaining optimal operating conditions.
**293. Workpiece Zero: The reference point on a workpiece used to establish the coordinate system for machining, ensuring accurate positioning and dimensions.
**294. Tool Crib: A storage area for cutting tools and accessories, often organized to allow for easy access and inventory management.
**295. Part Probing Cycle: A CNC program cycle that uses a probe to measure the dimensions of a workpiece, ensuring that it meets specifications and allowing for automatic adjustments.
**296. Thread Gauge: A tool used to check the accuracy of threads on a workpiece, ensuring that they meet the required pitch and diameter.
**297. Fixture Verification: The process of checking the accuracy and stability of a fixture before machining, ensuring that the workpiece will be held securely and correctly.
**298. CNC Router Table: A CNC machine used for cutting, shaping, and engraving materials like wood, plastic, and soft metals, commonly used in sign making and woodworking.
**299. Spindle Coolant: A coolant system integrated into the spindle of a CNC machine, providing cooling directly to the cutting tool and workpiece, improving tool life and surface finish.
**300. Under-Cutting: A machining operation where material is removed from an area that is not easily accessible, often requiring specialized tools or techniques.
**301. T-Slot Cutter: A type of milling cutter used to create T-shaped slots in a workpiece, commonly used for securing workpieces on a T-slot table.
**302. Chip Load Per Tooth: The amount of material removed by each tooth of a cutting tool during one revolution, influencing tool life and cutting efficiency.
**303. Boring Bar: A long, slender tool used in boring operations to enlarge or finish the inside diameter of a hole.
**304. Fanuc Control: A popular CNC control system known for its reliability and widespread use in the industry, offering a range of functions for machining.
**305. Haas Control: A CNC control system developed by Haas Automation, featuring user-friendly interfaces and commonly found on Haas CNC machines.
**306. Circular Interpolation: A CNC programming technique used to create circular or arc-shaped tool paths, allowing for the machining of round features.
**307. Linear Interpolation: A CNC programming technique where the tool moves in a straight line between two points, commonly used in most machining operations.
**308. Adaptive Machining: A process where the CNC machine automatically adjusts tool paths and parameters in response to real-time feedback, improving accuracy and efficiency.
**309. Multi-Head CNC Machine: A CNC machine equipped with multiple spindles or heads, allowing for simultaneous machining of multiple parts or features.
**310. Grinding Wheel: An abrasive wheel used for grinding operations, available in various materials and grits depending on the application.
**311. Helix Angle: The angle formed by the cutting edge of a tool and the axis of the tool, affecting chip evacuation and cutting performance.
**312. Plunge Rate: The speed at which a cutting tool moves vertically into the workpiece, important for avoiding tool breakage and ensuring proper chip formation.
**313. Horizontal Machining Center (HMC): A type of CNC machine where the spindle is oriented horizontally, commonly used for machining large or heavy workpieces.
**314. Vertical Machining Center (VMC): A type of CNC machine where the spindle is oriented vertically, widely used for a variety of machining operations.
**315. Sub-Spindle: An additional spindle on a CNC lathe that allows for machining on the opposite side of the workpiece without repositioning it.
**316. Part Program: The complete set of instructions (G-code) that controls the CNC machine’s movements and operations to produce a specific part.
**317. Fixture Plate: A flat plate with holes or slots used to mount and secure workpieces or fixtures on the CNC machine table.
**318. Insert Grade: The material composition of a cutting tool insert, selected based on the workpiece material and machining conditions.
**319. CNC Post Processor: Software that converts CAM-generated tool paths into specific G-code or M-code for a particular CNC machine.
**320. Lathe Tool Holder: A device that holds the cutting tool on a lathe, ensuring it is securely positioned for turning operations.
**321. Indexing Turret: A rotating tool holder on a CNC lathe that allows for quick tool changes and multi-tool operations in one setup.
**322. Cutting Tool Nose Radius: The radius of the tip of a cutting tool, influencing surface finish and the strength of the cutting edge.
**323. Cutoff Tool: A tool used to separate a part from the remaining stock material in turning operations, typically with a narrow cutting edge.
**324. Tangential Milling: A milling operation where the cutting tool engages the workpiece tangentially, reducing cutting forces and improving surface finish.
**325. Incremental Move: A CNC command that moves the tool relative to its current position, rather than from an absolute coordinate.
**326. Absolute Move: A CNC command that moves the tool to a specific coordinate within the workpiece’s coordinate system.
**327. Machine Reaming: A finishing operation that uses a multi-edged tool to enlarge or finish a hole to a precise diameter with a smooth surface finish.
**328. Vibration Dampening: Techniques or devices used to reduce vibrations during machining, which can improve surface finish and extend tool life.
**329. Machine Vise: A clamping device used to hold workpieces securely on the CNC machine table during machining operations.
**330. Engraving Tool: A small, sharp cutting tool used for engraving text, logos, or patterns into the surface of a workpiece.
**331. Thread Mill: A cutting tool used in thread milling operations to create internal or external threads with high precision.
**332. Machine Tool Alignment: The process of checking and adjusting the alignment of the CNC machine’s components to ensure accurate machining.
**333. Tool Presetting: The process of measuring and setting the cutting tool’s length and diameter before loading it into the CNC machine, improving setup efficiency.
**334. Slot Drill: A type of end mill designed specifically for plunging and creating slots or keyways in a workpiece.
**335. Welding Fixture: A specialized fixture used to hold components in place during welding, ensuring accurate alignment and minimizing distortion.
**336. Inspection Fixture: A fixture used to hold and position parts for inspection, ensuring consistent and accurate measurements.
**337. Coolant Pump: A device that circulates coolant through the CNC machine’s cutting area, helping to cool the tool and workpiece and remove chips.
**338. Z-Axis: The axis in a CNC machine that typically controls vertical movement, allowing the tool to move up and down relative to the workpiece.
**339. X-Axis: The axis in a CNC machine that typically controls horizontal movement, allowing the tool to move left and right relative to the workpiece.
**340. Y-Axis: The axis in a CNC machine that typically controls horizontal movement, allowing the tool to move forward and backward relative to the workpiece.
**341. 5-Axis Machining: A CNC machining process that involves movement along five different axes simultaneously, allowing for the creation of complex and intricate parts.
**342. Rapid Traverse Rate: The speed at which the CNC machine moves the tool or workpiece when not cutting, allowing for quick positioning and reduced cycle time.
**343. Material Hardness Testing: A process used to measure the hardness of a material, often performed before machining to select the appropriate tools and techniques.
**344. Gantry CNC Machine: A type of CNC machine with a bridge-like structure that moves the spindle or cutting tool over a large work area, often used for machining large parts.
**345. CNC Swiss Lathe: A type of CNC lathe designed for precision machining of small, complex parts, often used in industries like medical devices and watchmaking.
**346. Hydraulic Clamping: A method of securing workpieces or tools using hydraulic pressure, providing strong and consistent clamping force.
**347. Lubrication System: A system that delivers lubricant to the moving parts of a CNC machine, reducing friction, wear, and heat buildup.
**348. Machining Strategy: The overall plan for machining a part, including the selection of tools, tool paths, and cutting parameters to achieve the desired results.
**349. Tool Compensation: Adjustments made to the CNC program to account for tool wear, size, or deflection, ensuring accurate machining.
**350. Axis Drive: The mechanism that controls the movement of a CNC machine’s axis, typically powered by a servo motor and controlled by the CNC system.
**351. Carbide Cutting Tool: A cutting tool made from carbide, known for its hardness and wear resistance, commonly used in CNC machining for high-speed applications.
**352. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC): A computer used in industrial automation to control machinery and processes, often integrated with CNC systems for complex operations.
**353. Surface Plate: A flat, solid reference surface used for inspecting the flatness and alignment of workpieces or tools.
**354. Roughing End Mill: A type of end mill designed for removing large amounts of material quickly, often with a serrated cutting edge to break up chips.
**355. Finishing End Mill: A type of end mill designed for creating smooth surface finishes with precise dimensions, typically used after roughing operations.
**356. Coolant Nozzle: A nozzle that directs coolant to the cutting tool and workpiece, helping to control temperature, remove chips, and improve tool life.
**357. Stepover: The lateral distance between adjacent passes of a cutting tool during machining, affecting surface finish and material removal rate.
**358. CNC Wire Bending Machine: A CNC machine used to bend wire into various shapes and configurations, often used in manufacturing springs and wire forms.
**359. Dry Run: A CNC machine operation where the program is run without cutting material, allowing the operator to check the tool paths and detect any potential issues.
**360. Custom Tooling: Specialized cutting tools designed for specific machining operations or part geometries, often used to improve efficiency and precision.
**361. Inspection Report: A document detailing the results of an inspection process, including measurements, tolerances, and any deviations from specifications.
**362. Tool Offset: A value used to adjust the position of a cutting tool in the CNC machine, accounting for tool length, diameter, or wear.
**363. CNC Foam Cutter: A CNC machine used to cut foam materials, often used in packaging, model making, and prototyping.
**364. Rapid Prototyping: A process used to quickly create a physical model or prototype of a part using CNC machining or additive manufacturing techniques.
**365. CNC Engraving Machine: A specialized CNC machine used for engraving text, logos, or designs into various materials, often used in signage and jewelry making.
**366. Tool Wear Analysis: The process of examining and measuring the wear on cutting tools to determine their remaining life and optimize tool usage.
**367. Z-Level Machining: A machining strategy where the tool cuts at multiple levels along the Z-axis, often used in 3D contouring and complex surface machining.
**368. Spindle Brake: A device used to quickly stop the rotation of the spindle, improving safety and reducing cycle time during tool changes.
**369. CNC Controller: The computer or control system that interprets the CNC program and directs the machine’s movements and operations.
**370. Axis Home Position: The reference position for the machine’s axes, often used as the starting point for machining operations.
**371. Gib: A tapered or adjustable piece of material used to reduce play or slack in the moving parts of a CNC machine, improving accuracy and precision.
**372. Fixture Base Plate: A flat plate that serves as the foundation for mounting fixtures or workpieces on the CNC machine table.
**373. Runout Compensation: Adjustments made to account for spindle or tool runout, ensuring that the tool rotates accurately and consistently during machining.
**374. Coated Cutting Tools: Cutting tools that have a thin layer of material applied to the surface to improve performance, reduce wear, and extend tool life.
**375. High-Feed Milling: A milling technique that uses high feed rates and shallow depths of cut to remove material quickly, often used in roughing operations.
**376. CNC EDM Machine: A CNC machine that uses electrical discharge machining (EDM) to remove material, often used for hard or complex materials.
**377. Spindle Orientation: The process of aligning the spindle in a specific angular position, often required for tool changes or certain machining operations.
**378. Multi-Spindle CNC Machine: A CNC machine equipped with multiple spindles, allowing for simultaneous machining of multiple parts or features.
**379. Tool Breakage Detection: A system that monitors the condition of cutting tools and detects when a tool has broken, allowing for immediate corrective action.
**380. Pallet Pool System: A system of multiple pallets that allows for automated loading and unloading of workpieces, increasing machine uptime and efficiency.
**381. Thread Milling Cycle: A CNC program cycle used to create threads by milling, offering precise control and flexibility compared to traditional tapping.
**382. CNC Plasma Cutting Table: A CNC machine equipped with a plasma torch and a flat table, used for cutting sheet metal with precision.
**383. Spindle Coolant: A coolant system integrated into the spindle of a CNC machine, providing cooling directly to the cutting tool and workpiece, improving tool life and surface finish.
**384. Under-Cutting: A machining operation where material is removed from an area that is not easily accessible, often requiring specialized tools or techniques.
**385. CNC Router Table: A CNC machine used for cutting, shaping, and engraving materials like wood, plastic, and soft metals, commonly used in sign making and woodworking.
**386. Thread Rolling: A process used to form threads by deforming the material rather than cutting it, resulting in stronger threads.
**387. CNC Knife Cutter: A CNC machine equipped with a blade or knife used for cutting flexible materials like foam, rubber, and textiles.
**388. Step Milling: A milling process that removes material in a series of steps or passes, often used for creating slots or pockets with consistent depth.
**389. CNC Turret Punch: A CNC machine that uses a rotating turret with multiple punches to create holes and shapes in sheet metal.
**390. Circular Pocket Milling: A CNC milling technique used to create circular pockets or recesses in a workpiece.
**391. Swing Arm Robot: A type of industrial robot used in CNC automation for tasks like loading and unloading workpieces or operating peripheral devices.
**392. Stock Material: The raw material from which parts are machined, available in various forms like bar, plate, sheet, or tube.
**393. End Mill Holder: A tool holder specifically designed to hold and secure end mills in a CNC machine, ensuring precise tool positioning and stability.
**394. Pallet Fixture: A fixture that is mounted on a pallet, allowing for quick and easy changeover of workpieces in a CNC machine.
**395. Coaxial Indicator: A measuring tool used to align the spindle with the center of a hole or other feature on the workpiece, ensuring accurate machining.
**396. Peck Drilling Cycle: A CNC drilling process where the drill bit is periodically retracted to clear chips, reduce heat, and improve hole quality.
**397. Keyway Cutter: A cutting tool used to machine keyways, which are slots cut into a shaft to accommodate a key that prevents relative rotation between components.
**398. Automatic Tool Changer (ATC): A device that automatically swaps out cutting tools on a CNC machine, enabling multi-tool operations without manual intervention.
**399. Multi-Tasking Machine (MTM): A CNC machine capable of performing multiple machining processes (e.g., milling, turning, drilling) in one setup.
**400. Live Tooling: A feature in CNC lathes that allows for additional machining operations (such as milling or drilling) while the workpiece is still rotating.
